Bicycle Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System

References

Guide - Background and Trends

  1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume I: Summary Report. Publication DOT HS 810 971. NHTSA, BTS, U.S. Department of Transportation, August 2008.
  2. Bueler, R. and J. Pucher. Cycling to work in 90 large American cities: new evidence on the role of bike paths and lanes. Transportation, Vol.39, 2012, pp. 409-432.
  3. Dill, J. and J. Gliebe. Understanding and measuring bicycling behavior: A focus on travel time and route choice. Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium, Portland, OR, 2008.
  4. Federal Highway Administration. Bicycle and Pedestrian Guidance. U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/guidance/index.cfm. Accessed June 11, 2013.
  5. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th Edition. Washington, DC, 2011.
  6. National Complete Streets Coalition. Policy Atlas. Smart Growth America. www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/changing-policy/complete-streets-atlas. Accessed June 10, 2013.
  7. Crites, D., S. Knaup, B. McCann, S. Seskin, D. Snyder, G. Stallings, and K. Steele. Guide to Complete Streets Campaigns, 3rd edition, Alliance for Biking and Walking, April 2010. www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/site/images/uploads/Updated_Guide_to_Complete_Streets_Campaigns.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2013.
  8. North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT). Complete Streets Planning and Design Guidelines. July 2012. http://www.completestreetsnc.org/wp-content/themes/CompleteStreets_Custom/pdfs/NCDOT-Complete-Streets-Planning-Design-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2013.
  9. Chicago Department of Transportation (CDOT). Complete Streets Design Guidelines. 2013. www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/Complete%20Streets/CompleteStreetsGuidelines.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2013.
  10. American Public Transportation Association. 2011 Public Transportation Fact Book. Washington, D.C., 2011.
  11. Pucher, J., J. Dill, and S. Handy. Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Preventive Medicine, Vol. 50, 2010, pp. S106-S125.
  12. San Mateo County Transit District. Bicycle General Info. Caltrain. www.caltrain.com/riderinfo/Bicycles/Bicycle_General_Info.html. Accessed June 10, 2013.
  13. Garrard, J., C. Rissel, and A. Bauman. Health Benefits of Cycling. In J. Pucher and R. Buehler (Eds.). City Cycling. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012.
  14. Dill, J. Bicycling for transportation and health: The role of infrastructure. Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 30, 2009, pp. S95-S110.

Guide - Statistics

  1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2012: Bicyclists and Other Cyclists. Publication DOT HS 812 018. U.S. Department of Transportation, April 2014. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812018.pdf. Accessed July 8, 2014.
  2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2012: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. Publication DOT HS 812 032. U.S. Department of Transportation, n.d. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812032.pdf. Accessed July 8, 2014.
  3. Stutts, J.C. and W.W. Hunter. Injuries to Pedestrians and Bicyclists: An Analysis Based on Hospital Emergency Department Data. Publication FHWA-RD-99-078. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1997.
  4. Swanson, K. Bicycling and Walking in the United States: 2014 Benchmarking Report. Alliance for Biking and Walking, Washington, D.C., 2014. Available: http://www.bikewalkalliance.org/resources/benchmarking. Accessed April 16, 2014.
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. 2012.  www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars. Accessed April 8, 2014.
  6. Carter, D.L., and F.M. Council. Factors to Pedestrian and Bicycle Crashes on Rural Highways, Final Report. UNC Highway Safety Research Center, June 2006. http://www.hsisinfo.org/pdf/HSIS-Rural-PedBike-Final-Report.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2013.
  7. Hunter, W.W., J.C. Stutts, W.E. Pein, and C.L. Cox. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990s. Publication FHWA-RD-95-163. FHWA, U.S. DOT, 1996.
  8. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C., 2012.
  9. University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. North Carolina Bicycle Crash Types, 2006-2010. North Carolina Department of Transportation, Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation. http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/pbcat/pdf/summary_bike_types06-10.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2013.
  10. Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute. Helmet Laws for Bicycle Riders. http://www.helmets.org/mandator.htm. Accessed June 5, 2013.
  11. Elvik, R. Corrigendum to: “Publication Bias and Time-Trend Bias in Meta-Analysis of Bicycle Helmet Efficacy: A Re-Analysis of Attewell, Glase and McFadden, 2001” [Accid. Anal. Prev. 43 (2011) 1245-1251]. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 60, 2013, pp. 245-253.

Guide - Analysis

  1. Snyder, M., and R. Knoblauch. Pedestrian Safety: The Identification of Precipitating Factors and Possible Countermeasures (2 Vols.). DOT-HS-800-403. NHTSA, U.S. Department of Transportation, January 1971.
  2. Knoblauch, R., W. Moore, Jr., and P. Schmitz. Pedestrian Accidents Occurring on Freeways: An Investigation of Causative Factors, Accident Data. FHWA-RD-78-159/171. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1978.
  3.  Knoblauch, R. Causative Factors and Countermeasures for Rural and Suburban Pedestrian Accidents: Accident Data Collection and Analyses. DOT HS-802-266. NHTSA, U.S. Department of Transportation, June 1977.
  4. Hunter, W.W., J. C. Stutts, W. E. Pein, and C. L. Cox. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990s. FHWA-RD-95-163. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, June 1996.
  5. Harkey, D.L., J. Mekemson, M.C. Chen, and K Krull. Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool. FHWA-RD-99-192. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, December 1999.
  6. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010). Washington, D.C., 2010.
  7. Hunter, W.W., D.L. Harkey, J.R. Stewart, and M.L. Birk. Evaluation of the Blue Bike Lane Treatment Used in Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Conflict Areas in Portland, Oregon. FHWA-RD-00-150. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, August 2000.
  8. Dill, J., C.M. Monsere, and N. McNeil. Evaluation of bike boxes at signalized intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 44, 2012, pp. 126-134.

Countermeasure Groups - Shared Roadway

  1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Task Force on Geometric Design. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. 2012. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=116
  2. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Bicycle and Pedestrian Program. Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide. 2001. Available: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/sidewalk2/
  3. United States Access Board. Proposed Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-of-Way (PROWAG). Available: http://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/public-rights-of-way/proposed-rights-of-way-guidelines
  4. North Carolina Department of Transportation, Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation. North Carolina Bicycle Crash Facts. Available: http://www.ncdot.gov/bikeped/download/summary_bike_facts.pdf
  5. City of Chicago. Bicycle Crash Analysis Summary Report. 2012. Available: http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/bike/general/BikeCrashReport2012.pdf
  6. Colorado Department of Transportation. Lighting Design Guide. February 2006. Available: http://www.coloradodot.info/business/designsupport/bulletins_manuals/CDOT%20Design%20Guide%2008-19-09.pdf/view
  7. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Report 152: Warrants for Highway Lighting. 2009. Available: http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=878
  8. FHWA, Office of Safety. Lighting Handbook. August 2012. Available: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/night_visib/lighting_handbook/
  9. AASHTO. Roadway Lighting Design Guide. 2005. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?id=320
  10. Colorado Department of Transportation. Roadway Design Guide, Chapter 14. 2011. Available: http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/bikeped/documents/DesignGuide-Ch14
  11. Oregon Department of Transportation. Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Design Guide: Oregon Highway Design Manual, Appendix N. 2011. Available: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/BIKEPED/docs/Appendix_N_BikePedDesignGuide_Web.pdf
  12. FHWA. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. May 2012. Available: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2009r1r2.htm
  13. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. 2010. Available: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/164718.aspx
  14. FHWA, Office of Safety. Transportation Planning Handbook, Chapter 16: Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities. 2009. Available: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/tph.pdf
  15. FHWA, Office of Safety. Proven Safety Countermeasures: Road Diet. 2012. Available: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/provencountermeasures/fhwa_sa_12_013.htm.
  16. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Road Diet Handbook: Setting Trends for Livable Streets. July 2009. Available: http://ecommerce.ite.org/IMIS/ItemDetail?iProductCode=LP-670
  17. AASHTO. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Sixth Edition (Green Book). 2011. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=110
  18. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html
  19. National Association of City Transportation Officials. Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Second Edition. September 2012. Available: http://nacto.org/cities-for-cycling/design-guide/
  20. City of Los Angeles. 2010 Bicycle Plan: Technical Design Handbook. 2011. Available: http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2010/10-2385-S2_MISC_07-11-11.pdf

Countermeasure Groups - On-Road Bike Facilities

  1. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. See Chapter 8: Bikeway Design. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html
  2. Institute of Transportation Engineers, Pedestrian and Bicycle Council. Separated Bikeways. March 2013. Available: http://ecommerce.ite.org/IMIS/ItemDetail?iProductCode=IR-135
  3. National Association of City Transportation Officials. Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Second Edition. September 2012. Available: http://nacto.org/cities-for-cycling/design-guide/
  4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Task Force on Geometric Design. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. 2012. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=116
  5. AASHTO. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Sixth Edition (Green Book). 2011. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=110
  6. City of Los Angeles. 2010 Bicycle Plan: Technical Design Handbook. 2011. Available: http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2010/10-2385-S2_MISC_07-11-11.pdf
  7. Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety. Transportation Planning Handbook, Chapter 16: Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities. 2009. Available: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/tph.pdf
  8. Colorado Department of Transportation. Roadway Design Guide, Chapter 14. 2011. Available: http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/bikeped/documents/DesignGuide-Ch14

Countermeasure Groups - Intersection Treatments

  1. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Office of Safety. Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide, Second Edition. See section 9.1.1: Reduce Curb Radius. July 2013. Available: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/signalized/13027/fhwasa13027.pdf
  2. Institute of Transportation Engineers. Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach. See Chapter 10: Intersection Guidelines. 2010. Available: http://www.ite.org/css/RP-036A-E.pdf
  3. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Task Force on Geometric Design. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. 2012. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=116
  4. National Association of City Transportation Officials. Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Second Edition. September 2012. Available: http://nacto.org/cities-for-cycling/design-guide/
  5. Oregon Department of Transportation. Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Design Guide: Oregon Highway Design Manual, Appendix N. 2011. Available: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/BIKEPED/docs/Appendix_N_BikePedDesignGuide_Web.pdf
  6. FHWA. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. May 2012. Available: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2009r1r2.htm
  7. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Report 672: Roundabouts - An Informational Guide, Second Edition. 2010. Available: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_672.pdf
  8. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. See Chapter 5: Intersection Design. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html
  9. City of Los Angeles. 2010 Bicycle Plan: Technical Design Handbook. 2011. Available: http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2010/10-2385-S2_MISC_07-11-11.pdf
  10. FHWA, Office of Safety. Transportation Planning Handbook, Chapter 16: Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities. 2009. Available: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/tph.pdf
  11. Colorado Department of Transportation. Roadway Design Guide, Chapter 14. 2011. Available: http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/bikeped/documents/DesignGuide-Ch14

Countermeasure Groups - Maintenance

  1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Task Force on Geometric Design. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. 2012. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=116
  2. AASHTO. Maintenance Manual for Roadways and Bridges. 2007. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?id=1170
  3. Federal Highway Administration. Guide for Maintaining Pedestrian Facilities for Enhanced Safety. October 2013. Available: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/tools_solve/fhwasa13037/
  4. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html

Countermeasure Groups - Traffic Calming

  1. Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and Federal Highway Administration. Traffic Calming: State of the Practice. 1999. Available : http://www.ite.org/traffic/tcstate.asp
  2. City of Seattle, WA. Traffic Circle Program. Available: http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/trafficcircles.htm
  3. ITE. Traffic Calming Library. Available: http://www.ite.org/traffic/
  4. Ewing, R. and J. Brown. U.S. Traffic Calming Manual. 2009. Available: https://www.planning.org/store/product/?ProductCode=BOOK_A64606
  5. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. See Chapter 10: Traffic Calming. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html
  6. City of Los Angeles. 2010 Bicycle Plan: Technical Design Handbook. 2011. Available: http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2010/10-2385-S2_MISC_07-11-11.pdf
  7. Colorado Department of Transportation. Roadway Design Guide, Chapter 14. 2011. Available: http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/bikeped/documents/DesignGuide-Ch14

Countermeasure Groups - Trails/Shared-Use Paths

  1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Task Force on Geometric Design. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. 2012. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=116
  2. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. May 2012. Available: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2009r1r2.htm
  3. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. See Chapter 5: Intersection Design. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html
  4. Oregon Department of Transportation. Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Design Guide: Oregon Highway Design Manual Appendix N. 2011. Available: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/BIKEPED/docs/Appendix_N_BikePedDesignGuide_Web.pdf
  5. Colorado Department of Transportation. Roadway Design Guide, Chapter 14. 2011. Available: http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/bikeped/documents/DesignGuide-Ch14
  6. United States Access Board. Proposed Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-of-Way (PROWAG). Available: http://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/public-rights-of-way/proposed-rights-of-way-guidelines

Countermeasure Groups - Markings, Signs, & Signals

  1. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. May 2012. Available: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2/pdf_index.htm
  2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Task Force on Geometric Design. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. 2012. Available: https://bookstore.transportation.org/collection_detail.aspx?ID=116
  3. National Association of City Transportation Officials. Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Second Edition. September 2012. Available: http://nacto.org/cities-for-cycling/design-guide/
  4. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html
  5. City of Los Angeles. 2010 Bicycle Plan: Technical Design Handbook. 2011. Available: http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2010/10-2385-S2_MISC_07-11-11.pdf
  6. Colorado Department of Transportation. Roadway Design Guide, Chapter 14. 2011. Available: http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/bikeped/documents/DesignGuide-Ch14
  7. FHWA. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. See Part 7 Traffic Control for Schools. May 2012. Available: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2009/part7/part7_toc.htm
  8. National Center for Safe Routes to School Clearinghouse website. Available: www.saferouteinfo.org

Countermeasure Groups - Other Measures

  1. City of Rockville, Department of Recreation and Parks. Maryland Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Education Program Administrator’s Guide. March 2003. Available: http://www.saferoutesinfo.org/program-tools/maryland-pedestrian-and-bicycle-safety-education-curriculum-k-5
  2. National Association of City Transportation Officials. Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Second Edition. September 2012. Available: http://nacto.org/cities-for-cycling/design-guide/
  3. City and County of San Francisco. SF Better Streets. Available: http://sfbetterstreets.org
  4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Managing Urban Runoff. Available: http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/urban.cfm
  5. Transit Cooperative Research Program. Synthesis 62: Integration of Bicycles and Transit. 2005. Available: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_syn_62.pdf
  6. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. TDM Encyclopedia: Bike/Transit Integration. Available: http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm2.htm
  7. Federal Highway Administration. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. May 2012. Available: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_2009r1r2.htm
  8. Los Angeles County, CA. Model Design Manual for Living Streets. 2011. Available: http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual.com/index.html